In 1995, the nuclear hormone orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) was
identified as a farnesol receptor expressed mainly in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland of rats …

Over the past decade, it has become apparent that bile acids are involved in a host of
activities beyond their classic functions in bile formation and fat absorption. The identification …

Bile acids are physiological detergents that generate bile flow and facilitate intestinal
absorption and transport of lipids, nutrients, and vitamins. Bile acids also are signaling …

The incidence of the metabolic syndrome has taken epidemic proportions in the past
decades, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The …

The liver and intestine play crucial roles in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. Here, we
demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signals from intestine to liver to repress …

The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress
contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged …

We review the physiology and pharmacology of two atypical fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)—
FGF15/19 and FGF21—that can function as hormones. Both FGF15/19 and FGF21 act on …

The bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) is a central regulator of bile acid
and lipid metabolism. We show here that FXR plays a key regulatory role in glucose …

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are involved in
various biological processes including metabolism, reproduction, and development. Upon …

OBJECTIVE—Metformin is an antidiabetic drug commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. The
aim of the study was to determine whether metformin regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis …