The specification of anteroposterior (AP) axis is a fundamental and complex patterning
process that sets up the embryonic polarity and shapes a multicellular organism. This …

We review the evolutionary importance of developmental mechanisms in constraining
evolutionary changes in animals—in other words, developmental constraints. We focus on …

Background Freshwater planarians are well known for their regenerative abilities. Less well
known is how planarians maintain spatial patterning in long-lived adult animals or how they …

Our understanding of vertebrate origins and the backbone of human history evolves with
each new fossil find and DNA map. Many species have now had their genomes sequenced …

Homeotic transformations of vertebrae are particularly common in humans and tend to come
associated with malformations in a wide variety of organ systems. In a dataset of 1,389 …

Objective Aberrant DNA methylation is a fundamental transcriptional control mechanism in
carcinogenesis. The expression of homeobox genes is usually controlled by an epigenetic …

Neural crest cells (NC) are a group of multipotent stem cells uniquely present in vertebrates.
They are destined to form various organs according to their anterior‐posterior (A‐P) levels of …

Hox 基因编码保守的转录因子, 它们控制发育过程中胚胎的骨骼模式. 它们在受限的区域表达,
并调节特定椎骨的形态. 从最初在果蝇中发现该基因家族至今已有四十多年的历史 …

How vertebrates generate their anterior–posterior axis is a> 90-year-old unsolved probem.
This mechanism clearly works very differently in vertebrates than in Drosophila. Here, we …

Arthropods are the most species-rich phylum. Within arthropods, species diversity is
concentrated in the Hexapoda, which includes on the order of one million described …