Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce
agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and …

In the natural environment, plants are often bombarded by a combination of abiotic (such as
drought, salt, heat or cold) and biotic (necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens) stresses …

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy element for plant growth and development, and plants have
evolved many strategies to cope with Cd stress. However, the mechanisms how plants …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes,
leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular …

The Ca2+ ion is recognized as a crucial second messenger in signaling pathways coupling
the perception of environmental stimuli to plant adaptive responses. Indeed, one of the …

Colonization of land by plants was a major transition on Earth, but the developmental and
genetic innovations required for this transition remain unknown. Physiological studies and …

As a ubiquitous secondary messenger in plant signaling systems, calcium ions (Ca2+) play
essential roles in plant growth and development. Within the cellular signaling network, the …

Highlights•Environmental regulation of stomatal apertures invokes complex signaling
networks.•Blue light-induced stomatal opening involves starch and triacylglycerol …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) is an important element for plant cells and serve as second
messengers, playing an important role in the regulation of plant physiology, specifically in …