The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large
surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne …

Many biological subdisciplines that regularly assess dose–response relationships have
identified an evolutionarily conserved process in which a low dose of a stressful stimulus …

The nasal cavity is an attractive route for both local and systemic drug delivery and holds
great potential for access to the brain via the olfactory region, an area where the blood–brain …

There is a need of guidance on how local irritancy data should be incorporated into risk
assessment procedures, particularly with respect to the derivation of occupational exposure …

(1) Background: Welding fumes (WFs) are composed of fine and ultrafine particles, which
may reach the distal airways and represent a risk factor for respiratory diseases.(2) Methods …

Introduction: Pulmonary drug delivery is a complex field of research combining physics
which drive aerosol transport and deposition and biology which underpins efficacy and …

Pulmonary diseases pose an immense threat to global health. Several nanotherapeutics-
based approaches aimed to tackle pulmonary ailments in recent years. The current …

Abstract Development of a new drug for the treatment of lung disease is a complex and time
consuming process involving numerous disciplines of basic and applied sciences. During …

New approaches are needed to assess the effects of inhaled substances on human health.
These approaches will be based on mechanisms of toxicity, an understanding of dosimetry …

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has propelled the field of aerosol science to the forefront,
particularly the central role of virus-laden respiratory droplets and aerosols. The pandemic …