The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences tumor growth, metastatic spread and
response to treatment. Often immunosuppression, mediated by the TME, impairs a beneficial …

Highlights•NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes with potential for cancer immunotherapy.•NK-
cell numbers and function are regulated by surface receptors and cytokines.•Inhibitory and …

Simple Summary Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling is crucial to maintain
tissue homeostasis. Alterations in TGF-β signaling impact tissue functions and favor the …

Although clinically apparent metastasis is associated with late stages of cancer
development, micro-metastatic dissemination may be an early event. However, the fate of …

As crucial mediators and regulators of our immune system, cytokines are involved in a broad
range of biological processes and are implicated in various disease pathologies. The field of …

The presence of liver metastases drastically worsens the prognosis of cancer patients. The
liver is the second most prevalent metastatic site in cancer patients, but systemic therapeutic …

The concept and recognized components of “neuroinflammation” are expanding at the
intersection of neurobiology and immunobiology. Chemokines (CKs), no longer merely …

Diverse cytokines and their receptors on immune cells constitute a highly complex network
in the immune system. Some therapeutic cytokines and their derivatives have been …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a central immunosuppressive cytokine within tumor
microenvironment inhibiting the expansion and function of major cellular components of …

Imprime PGG (Imprime) is in late-stage clinical development as a combinatorial agent with
several therapeutic modalities. Here we present pre-clinical mechanistic data supportive of …