Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four
members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus …

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) are a group of cytokines that play critical roles in regulating a
diverse range of physiological processes in vertebrates. TNFs function by activating a large …

Ease of imaging and abundance of genetic tools make the zebrafish an attractive model host
to understand host–pathogen interactions. However, basic knowledge regarding the identity …

Non virion (NV) protein expression is critical for fish Novirhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic
septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), in vivo …

Viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae display remarkable genomic variation and ecological
diversity. This plasticity occurs despite the fact that, as negative sense RNA viruses …

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia causes considerable economic losses for Korea's olive
flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture farms; therefore, effective antiviral agents for …

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a pathogenic fish rhabdovirus found in
discrete locales throughout the Northern Hemisphere. VHSV infection of fish cells leads to …

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most important produced species in
freshwater within the European Union, usually reared in intensive farming systems. This …

Viral infection of a host rapidly triggers intracellular signaling events that induce interferon
production and a cellular antiviral state. Viral diseases are important concerns in fish …