CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in
vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature …

Epitopes, in the context of T cell recognition, are short peptides typically derived by antigen
processing, and presented on the cell surface bound to MHC molecules (HLA molecules in …

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4-CTL) are important in antiviral immunity. For
example, we have previously shown that in mice, CD4-CTL are important to control …

Ectromelia virus is a mouse-specific orthopoxvirus that, following footpad infection or natural
transmission, causes mousepox in most strains of mice, while a few strains, such as …

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in orchestrating immune responses, particularly in
promoting IFNγ-producing-CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and IFNγ-producing-CD4 T …

Smallpox and monkeypox pose severe threats to human health. Other orthopoxviruses are
comparably virulent in their natural hosts, including ectromelia, the cause of mousepox …

Costimulation is required for optimal T cell activation, yet it is unclear whether poxviruses
dedicatedly subvert costimulation during infection. Here, we report that the secreted M2 …

Ectromelia virus (ECTV, the causative agent of mousepox), which represents the same
genus as variola virus (VARV, the agent responsible for smallpox in humans), has served for …

CD4+ T cells play critical roles in defending against poxviruses, both by potentiating cellular
and humoral responses and by directly killing infected cells. Despite this central role, the …

Most orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia virus (VACV), contain genes in the E3L and K3L
families. The protein products of these genes have been shown to combat PKR, a host …