For hundreds of years, mankind has been influencing its sleep and waking state through the
adenosinergic system. For~ 100 years now, systematic research has been performed, first …

Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes
determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The …

In the last three decades the two‐process model of sleep regulation has served as a major
conceptual framework in sleep research. It has been applied widely in studies on fatigue …

The accumulation of adenosine is strongly correlated with the need for sleep and the
detection of sleep pressure is antagonised by caffeine. Caffeine also affects the circadian …

Circadian rhythms are essential for the survival of all organisms, enabling them to predict
daily changes in the environment and time their behaviour appropriately. The molecular …

While light is considered the dominant stimulus for entraining (synchronizing) mammalian
circadian rhythms to local environmental time, social stimuli are also widely cited as …

The primary mammalian circadian clock resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a
recipient of dense retinohypothalamic innervation. In its most basic form, the circadian …

Although light is accepted as the dominant zeitgeber for entrainment of the human circadian
system, there is evidence that nonphotic stimuli may play a role. This review critically …

The brain's biological clock, which, in mammals, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
(SCN), generates circadian rhythms in behaviour and physiology. These biological rhythms …

Circadian rhythms in several species can be phase-shifted by procedures that stimulate
locomotor activity (“exercise”) during the usual sleep period. The role of arousal or sleep …