The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms,
IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and …

There has long been discussion regarding the positive effects of physical exercise on brain
activity. However, physical exercise has only recently begun to receive the attention of the …

Central and peripheral insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which include insulin, insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF2, exert many effects in the brain. Through their actions on brain …

Insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin-like peptides (ILPs) are important
regulators of metabolism, growth, reproduction and lifespan, and mechanisms of insulin/IGF …

Trauma often results in peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs). These injuries are particularly
challenging therapeutically because of variable nerve diameters, slow axonal regeneration …

A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that exercise has a positive impact on human
health, including neurological health. Aerobic exercise, which is supposed to enhance …

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a pleiotropic polypeptide, plays an essential role
in CNS development and maturation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous …

The generation of neurons in the adult mammalian brain requires the activation of quiescent
neural stem cells (NSCs). This activation and the sequential steps of neuron formation from …

Neuropathy is the most common and debilitating complication of diabetes and results in
pain, decreased motility, and amputation. Diabetic neuropathy encompasses a variety of …

Insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) signalling control vital
growth, survival and metabolic functions in the brain. Here we describe specific and …