Bacteria have evolved a remarkable array of sophisticated nanomachines to export various
virulence factors across the bacterial cell envelope. In recent years, considerable progress …

Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas cause a variety of diseases in
economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop plants worldwide …

The unifying feature of all proteins that are transported out of the cytoplasm of gram-negative
bacteria by the general secretory pathway (GSP) is the presence of a long stretch of …

While many textbooks are available for introducing microbiology at the college level, and
collections reviewing the latest research in specifıc organisms or environments are …

Prokaryotes have engineered sophisticated surface nanomachines that have allowed them
to colonize Earth and thrive even in extreme environments. Filamentous machineries …

ABSTRACT Type II secretion (T2S) is one means by which Gram-negative pathogens
secrete proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or host organisms. Based upon recent …

We have developed an expert system that makes use of various kinds of knowledge
organized as “if‐then” rules for predicting protein localization sites in Gram‐negative …

Historically the genus Erwinia has served as a repository for plant-pathogenic or plant-
associated bacteria (25, 96, 128). Consequently, diverse bacteria that occupy different …

Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1, 6 glycosidic bonds in
polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also …

Agar is a mixture of heterogeneous galactans, mainly composed of 3, 6-anhydro-l-
galactoses (or l-galactose-6-sulfates) d-galactoses and l-galactoses (routinely in the forms of …