BACKGROUND Climate change impacts have now been documented across every
ecosystem on Earth, despite an average warming of only~ 1° C so far. Here, we describe the …

Climate change is altering phenology and distributions of many species and further changes
are projected. Can species physiologically adapt to climate warming? We analyse thermal …

Many studies have recorded phenotypic changes in natural populations and attributed them
to climate change. However, controversy and uncertainty has arisen around three levels of …

As climates change across already stressed ecosystems, there is no doubt that species will
be affected, but to what extent and which will be most vulnerable remain uncertain. The …

A recently documented correlate of anthropogenic climate change involves reductions in
body size, the nature and scale of the pattern leading to suggestions of a third universal …

Documented shifts in geographical ranges,, seasonal phenology,, community interactions,
genetics, and extinctions have been attributed to recent global warming,,. Many such biotic …

In many species, genomic data have revealed pervasive adaptive evolution indicated by the
fixation of beneficial alleles. However, when selection pressures are highly variable along a …

Translocations are being increasingly proposed as a way of conserving biodiversity,
particularly in the management of threatened and keystone species, with the aims of …

Evolution occurs rapidly and is an ongoing process in our environments. Evolutionary
principles need to be built into conservation efforts, particularly given the stressful conditions …

The role of genetic factors in extinction has been a controversial issue, especially since
Lande's paper [Genetics and demography in biological conservation, Science 241 (1988) …