Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs), also known as microphysiological systems or 'tissue
chips'(the terms are synonymous), have attracted substantial interest in recent years owing …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable
attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the …

Digital twin can be defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through
data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and …

One of the problems that has slowed the development and approval of new anticancer
therapies is the lack of preclinical models that can be used to identify key molecular, cellular …

Digital twin (DT), primarily a virtual replica of any conceivable physical entity, is a highly
transformative technology with profound implications. Whether it be product development …

In vitro cell cultures are crucial research tools for modeling human development and
diseases. Although the conventional monolayer cell cultures have been widely used in the …

Small-molecule drug discovery can be viewed as a challenging multidimensional problem in
which various characteristics of compounds—including efficacy, pharmacokinetics and …

Organoids, miniature and simplified in vitro model systems that mimic the structure and
function of organs, have attracted considerable interest due to their promising applications in …

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies represent a fundamental
step in the early stages of drug discovery. In particular, the absorption of orally administered …

Nanoparticles (NPs) have become one of the most popular objects of scientific study during
the past decades. However, despite wealth of study reports, still there is a gap, particularly in …