The photosensitive molecule rhodopsin and its relatives consist of a protein moiety-an opsin-
and a non-protein moiety-the chromophore retinal. Opsins, which are G-protein-coupled …

Cone photoreceptors mediate our daytime vision and function under bright and rapidly-
changing light conditions. As their visual pigment is destroyed in the process of …

With the development of information processing, various neuromorphic synaptic devices
have been proposed, including novel devices mimicking multiple sensory systems in the …

Seeing begins in the photoreceptors, where light is absorbed and signaled to the nervous
system. Throughout the animal kingdom, photoreceptors are diverse in design and purpose …

Although outnumbered more than 20: 1 by rod photoreceptors, cone cells in the human
retina mediate daylight vision and are critical for visual acuity and color discrimination. A …

Absorption of a photon by an opsin pigment causes isomerization of the chromophore from
11-cis-retinaldehyde to all-trans-retinaldehyde. Regeneration of visual chromophore …

Phototransduction is the process by which light triggers an electrical signal in a
photoreceptor cell. Image-forming vision in vertebrates is mediated by two types of …

One hundred and fifty years ago Max Schultze first proposed the duplex theory of vision, that
vertebrate eyes have two types of photoreceptor cells with differing sensitivity: rods for dim …

The cone and cone–rod dystrophies form part of a heterogeneous group of retinal disorders
that are an important cause of visual impairment in children and adults. There have been …

Retinal rods and cones, which are the front-end light detectors in the eye, achieve wonders
together by being able to signal single-photon absorption and yet also able to adjust their …