In the decade since the discovery that mouse B cells respond to certain unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, a specific receptor for these'CpG motifs' has been identified …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in the early detection of pathogen-associated
molecular patterns and the subsequent activation of the adaptive immune response …

Antibodies (Abs) to RNA-and DNA-containing autoantigens are characteristic of systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE). We showed previously that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 …

Raised serum levels of interferon (IFN)-α have been observed in systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) patients, and these levels are correlated with both disease activity and …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have demonstrated substantial potential as vaccine
adjuvants, and as mono-or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious …

The response to pathogens and damage in plants and animals involves a series of carefully
orchestrated, highly evolved, molecular mechanisms resulting in pathogen resistance and …

Since first being described in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
have proven to be of great interest to immunologists and investigators interested in the …

We formulate a two-phase paradigm of autoimmunity associated with systemic lupus
erythematosus, the archetypal autoimmune disease. The initial Toll-like receptor (TLR) …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the
production of autoantibodies to certain cellular macromolecules, such as the small nuclear …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) detect infections by highly conserved components of pathogens
that are either not present in our own cells or are normally sequestered in cellular …