Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having
an essential role in information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of …

Cognitive impairment is an increasingly recognized major cause of chronic disability and is
commonly found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Knowledge of the …

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that
underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly …

Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play
an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with …

Circadian disruptions impact nearly all people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), emphasizing
both their potential role in pathology and the critical need to investigate the therapeutic …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been the major contributor to chronic lower back
pain (LBP). Abnormal apoptosis, senescence, and pyroptosis of IVD cells, extracellular …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which is widely distributed in the nervous system, is involved in
regulating a variety of biological processes, including food intake, energy metabolism, and …

Aim Ischemic damage to the brain is linked to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. In certain parts of the world, it remains a leading cause of mortality and the …

Neurotrophins and neuropeptides are the essential regulators of peripheral nociceptive
nerves that help to induce, sensitize, and maintain pain. Neuropeptide has a neuroprotective …

Neuropeptides are key signaling molecules in the endocrine and nervous systems that
regulate many critical physiological processes. Understanding the functions of …