Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a low glomerular filtration rate or high
albuminuria, and affects 15–20% of adults globally. CKD increases the risk of various …

The accurate definition and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major
achievements of modern nephrology. Intensive research is now being undertaken to unravel …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was initially characterized as an important
regulator of phosphate and calcium homeostasis. New research advances demonstrate that …

The cardiovascular system requires iron to maintain its high energy demands and metabolic
activity. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport and storage, mitochondrial function, and …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral …

The kidneys play a pivotal role in the regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance. With
progressive loss of kidney function, derangements in electrolytes and acid-base inevitably …

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD), and the population of CKD patients with concurrent HF continues to …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by manifestations and symptoms involving
systemic organs and apparatus, associated with elevated cardiovascular morbidity and …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone with a central role in the
regulation of phosphate homeostasis. This regulation is accomplished by the coordinated …

Background Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) has been hypothesized to play a role in
the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD. Methods We identified …