Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive
evolution, an important strategy for species survival and persistence. Uncovering the …

Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-
triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a …

Pseudomonas syringae is an evolutionarily diverse bacterial species complex and a
preeminent model for the study of plant–pathogen interactions due in part to its remarkably …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) immune receptors directly or indirectly
recognize pathogen-secreted effector molecules to initiate plant defense. Recognition of …

Plant pathogenic bacteria deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity and promote
pathogen survival; however, these effectors can be recognized by plant disease resistance …

The field of plant pathology has revealed many of the mechanisms underlying the arms race,
providing crucial knowledge and genetic resources for improving plant health. Although the …

Malus domestica (apple) is one of the most important fruit crops worldwide. Fire blight,
caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases that impacts …

The natural diversity of pathogen effectors and host immune components represents a
snapshot of the underlying evolutionary processes driving the host-pathogen arms race. In …

Autoimmunity in plants has been found in numerous hybrids as a form of hybrid necrosis
and mutant panels. Uncontrolled cell death is a main cellular outcome of autoimmunity …

Recognition of pathogen effectors is a crucial step for triggering plant immunity. Resistance
(R) genes often encode for nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), and …