The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Photoreceptors are the first‐order neurons of the visual pathway, converting light into
electrical signals. Rods and cones are the two main types of photoreceptors in the …

Microglia activation is recognized as the hallmark of neuroinflammation. However, the
activation profile and phenotype changes of microglia during the process of retinal …

At present, there are few means to track symptomatic stages of CNS aging. Thus, although
metabolic changes are implicated in mtDNA mutation-driven aging, the manifestations …

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are degenerative
blinding diseases caused by the death of rods and cones, leaving the remainder of the …

Photoreceptor degeneration in human photoreceptor dystrophies and in the relevant animal
models has been thought to be executed by one common mechanism–caspase-mediated …

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of oxidative DNA damage in the
photoreceptors of the rd1 mouse, an animal model for retinitis pigmentosa, and to determine …

Abstract Background Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and
progressive form of the interstitial lung diseases, leading most patients to require lung …

Purpose The homeostatic regulation of cellular ATP is achieved by the coordinated activity
of ATP utilization, synthesis, and buffering. Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis …

Diseases of the retina are the leading causes of blindness in the industrialized world. The
recognition that animals develop retinal diseases with similar traits to humans has led to not …