Many processes in the human body—including brain function—are regulated over the 24-
hour cycle, and there are strong associations between disrupted circadian rhythms (for …

Good sleep and mood are important for health and for keeping active. Numerous studies
have suggested that the incidence of insomnia and depressive disorder are linked to …

The circadian nature of mood and its dysfunction in affective disorders is well recognized,
but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that the circadian …

The pathophysiology of affective disorders—particularly circuit-level mechanisms underlying
bidirectional, periodic affective state transitions—remains poorly understood. In patients …

Alterations in the circadian system are characteristic of aging on Earth. With the decline in
physiological processes due to aging, several health concerns including vision loss …

Background Clinical psychiatry has always been limited by the lack of objective tests to
substantiate diagnoses and a lack of specific treatments that target underlying …

Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian
disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health …

Bipolar disorder is a unique illness characterized by fluctuations between mood states of
depression and mania. Originally, an adrenergic–cholinergic balance hypothesis was …

Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of
lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including …

Experimental and epidemiological evidence reveal the profound influence that industrialized
modern society has imposed on human social habits and physiology during the past 50 …