T lymphocytes, the major effector cells in cellular immunity, produce cytokines in immune
responses to mediate inflammation and regulate other types of immune cells. Work in the …

The discovery of CD4+ T cell subset–defining master transcription factors and framing of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm ignited the CD4+ T cell field. Advances in in vivo experimental systems …

T cells mediate antigen-specific immune responses to disease through the specificity and
diversity of their clonotypic T cell receptors (TCRs). Determining the spatial distributions of T …

The identification of CD4+ T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the
knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support …

The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid
tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which …

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within
secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that …

Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4+ T cells that
induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells. They are found …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

Effective B cell–mediated immunity and antibody responses often require help from CD4+ T
cells. It is thought that a distinct CD4+ effector T cell subset, called T follicular helper cells …

The generation of high-affinity antibodies (Abs) plays a critical role in the neutralization and
clearance of pathogens and subsequent host survival after natural infection with a variety of …