We use data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police use
of force in the United States varies across social groups. We estimate the lifetime and age …

This paper examines race and police use of force using data on 1.6 million 911 calls in two
cities, neither of which allows for discretion in officer dispatch. Results indicate White officers …

Cesario et al. argue that benchmarking the relative counts of killings by police on relative
crime rates, rather than relative population sizes, generates a measure of racial disparity in …

The research in representative bureaucracy that examines the extent to which racial
congruence impacts bureaucrats' decisions is mixed. This study adds to this literature by …

Learning about cause and effect is arguably the main goal in applied econometrics. In
practice, the validity of these causal inferences is contingent on a number of critical …

Representative bureaucracy research has examined the influence of race and ethnicity on
policing outcomes, yet little is known about police use of force specifically at the individual …

Objectives To understand the impact of measurement and analytic choices on assessments
of police use of force (UOF) and racial disparities therein. Methods We collected and …

Purpose The current study examined racial/ethnic disparities in officer-involved shootings,
employing violence directed toward police by race/ethnicity as a benchmark for comparison …

Research on race and policing increasingly draws upon data collected by police officers to
estimate racial disparities in police contact. Many of these data sets, however, rely on officer …

Purpose We examine whether the race and armed status interact to modify the risk of being
fatally shot by police within categories of civilian age and mental illness status, and US …