Over the past decade, vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) have established
themselves as a powerful tool for in vivo gene transfer, allowing long-lasting and safe …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen‐
associated molecular patterns and signal through adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation …

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) may exert tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive
functions, but the mechanisms underlying these opposing effects remain elusive. Here, we …

Before they infect red blood cells and cause malaria, Plasmodium parasites undergo an
obligate and clinically silent expansion phase in the liver that is supposedly undetected by …

Clinical trials of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A
(VEGFA) or its receptor VEGFR1 (also called FLT1), in patients with blinding choroidal …

Cross-priming is an important mechanism to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for
immune defence against viruses and tumours. Although it was discovered more than 25 …

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the
Leishmania Viannia subgenus, including Leishmania guyanensis. The pathology develops …

The 'liver tolerance effect'mediates local and systemic tolerance to self and foreign antigens
and has been attributed to specialized resident cells expressing anti-inflammatory mediators …

Ligands from dying cells are a source of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activating agents. Although
TLR3 is known to respond to RNA from necrotic cells, the relative importance of this …

We formulate a two-phase paradigm of autoimmunity associated with systemic lupus
erythematosus, the archetypal autoimmune disease. The initial Toll-like receptor (TLR) …