The Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) is a widely used method for measuring the fit of two
distributions. In general, the distribution of the KLD is unknown. Under reasonable …

Item preknowledge describes a situation in which a group of examinees (called aberrant
examinees) have had access to some items (called compromised items) from an …

Item compromise persists in undermining the integrity of testing, even secure administrations
of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) with sophisticated item exposure controls. In …

This article presents a new method to detect copying on a standardized multiple-choice
exam. The method combines two statistical approaches in successive stages. The first stage …

The development of statistical methods for detecting test collusion is a new research
direction in the area of test security. Test collusion may be described as large‐scale sharing …

Item leakage has been a serious issue in continuous, computer-based testing, especially
computerized adaptive testing (CAT), as compromised items jeopardize the fairness and …

Item preknowledge occurs when some examinees (called aberrant examinees) have had
access to a subset of items (called a compromised subset) from an administered test prior to …

Abstract Unproctored Internet Testing (UIT) is becoming more popular in personnel
recruitment and selection. A drawback of UIT is that cheating is easy and, therefore, a …

This article presents the Variable Match Index (VM-Index), a new statistic for detecting
answer copying. The power of the VM-Index relies on two-dimensional conditioning as well …

In general, item preknowledge is hard to detect due to multiple unknowns involved:
unknown subgroups of examinees accessing unknown compromised subsets of items prior …