Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) senses misplaced genomic,
mitochondrial, and microbial double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to synthesize 2′ 3′-cGAMP …

The cGAS–STING signalling axis, comprising the synthase for the second messenger cyclic
GMP–AMP (cGAS) and the cyclic GMP–AMP receptor stimulator of interferon genes …

In addition to constituting the genetic material of an organism, DNA is a tracer for the
recognition of foreign pathogens and a trigger of the innate immune system. cGAS functions …

It is widely known that stimulator of interferon genes (STING) can trigger nuclear factor κB
(NF-κB) signaling. However, whether and how the NF-κB pathway affects STING signaling …

Since the discovery of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as an important pivot for
cytosolic DNA sensation and interferon (IFN) induction, intensive efforts have been …

The invasion of mammalian cytoplasm by microbial DNA from infectious pathogens or by
self DNA from the nucleus or mitochondria represents a danger signal that alerts the host …

The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes two viral proteases (NSP3/papain-like protease and
NSP5/3C-like protease) that are responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins during …

Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

Proteins are the molecular machinery of the human body, and their malfunctioning is often
responsible for diseases, making them crucial targets for drug discovery. The three …