Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to result from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells
in pancreatic islets that is mediated by autoimmune mechanisms. The classic view is that …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin
resistance in which oxidative stress is thought to be a primary cause. Considering that …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-or vacuole-dependent catabolic
pathway in eukaryotes. Autophagy functions basally for cellular quality control and is …

Metformin is the first-line option for treating newly diagnosed diabetic patients and also
involved in other pharmacological actions, including antitumor effect, anti-aging effect …

A growing body of evidence points to the role of glucose variability (GV) in the development
of the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, we …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T cell-
mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Loss of beta-cells leads to …

Background Atherosclerosis (AS) is the basis of diabetic macrovascular complications. The
plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles transcytosis across endothelial cells (ECs) …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the main current threats to human health. Both T2D and its
numerous clinical complications are related to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionally conserved catabolic process in which
cytosolic contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelle, or invading …

Inflammatory damage contributes to β cell failure in type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D,
respectively). Mitochondria are damaged by inflammatory signaling in β cells, resulting in …