The initiation and maintenance of adaptive immunity require multifaceted modes of
communication between different types of immune cells, including direct intercellular …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

Oesophageal cancers are prominent worldwide; however, there are few targeted therapies
and survival rates for these cancers remain dismal. Here we performed a comprehensive …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released when endosomes fuse with the
plasma membrane. They have been implicated in various functions in both health and …

More than 800 million people suffer from kidney disease. Genetic studies and follow-up
animal models and cell biological experiments indicate the key role of proximal tubule …

Antiviral restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit the entry, replication, or spread of
viruses. These proteins are critical components of the innate immune system and function to …

Restriction factors are antiviral components of intrinsic immunity which constitute a first line
of defense by blocking different steps of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication …

The plasma membrane is a site of conflict between host defenses and many viruses. One
aspect of this conflict is the host's attempt to eliminate infected cells using innate and …

ABSTRACT Approximately 4.4% of the human genome is comprised of endogenous
retroviral sequences, a record of an evolutionary battle between man and retroviruses. Much …

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an
incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 …