Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Over the past several decades, mRNA vaccines have evolved from a theoretical concept to a
clinical reality. These vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccine techniques …

Cancer vaccines aim at eliciting tumor‐specific responses for the immune system to identify
and eradicate malignant tumor cells while sparing the normal tissues. Furthermore, cancer …

The chirality of nanomaterials (nanoparticles, NPs) can influence their interaction with cells
and biological systems. However, how chirality can exert impact on the immune response …

The therapeutic benefits of many cell types involve paracrine mechanisms. Inspired by the
paracrine functions of exosomes and the sustained degradation properties of …

The immune system is one of the most important, complex biological networks regulating
and protecting human health. Its precise modulation can prevent deadly infections and fight …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumor-specific T cell responses,
have been envisioned as one of the most powerful tools for effective cancer immunotherapy …

In recent years, antibody-based cancer therapy has emerged as one of the efficient
therapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), angiogenesis inhibitors …

Leukemia is a kind of hematological malignancy originating from bone marrow, which
provides essential signals for initiation, progression, and recurrence of leukemia. However …

After centuries of development, using vaccination to stimulate immunity has become an
effective method for prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases including infective …