Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Macrophages can be affected by a variety of factors to change their phenotype and thus
affect their function. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two categories, M1-like …

Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

High heterogeneity of macrophage is associated with its functions in polarization to different
functional phenotypes depending on environmental cues. Macrophages remain in balanced …

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent …

Recognition of microbial pathogens and dead cells and their phagocytic uptake by
specialized immune cells are essential to maintain host homeostasis. Phagosomes undergo …

Osteal macrophages (OsteoMacs) are a special subtype of macrophage residing in bony
tissues. Interesting findings from basic research have pointed to their vast and substantial …

The heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophils. As a key
mediator of the innate immune system, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to inflammatory …

The molecular repertoire of macrophages in health and disease can provide novel
biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Th2-IL-4–activated macrophages (M2) …

Microglia are resident macrophage-like immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS)
and play a vital role in both physiological and pathological conditions, including restoring …