Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Astrocytes participate in all essential CNS functions, including blood flow regulation, energy
metabolism, ion and water homeostasis, immune defence, neurotransmission, and adult …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been differentiated efficiently to neuronal cell
types. However, directed differentiation of hPSCs to astrocytes and astroglial subtypes …

Neurons have long held the spotlight as the central players of the nervous system, but we
must remember that we have equal numbers of astrocytes and neurons in the brain. Are …

The brain microvascular network is comprised of capillaries, arterioles and venules, all of
which retain–although to a different extent–blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties. Capillaries …

Astrocytes as a cell population are not well defined and comprise a heterogeneous
population of cells. There are at least 9 different morphological variants which can coexist …

Intercellular calcium (Ca2+) waves (ICWs) represent the propagation of increases in
intracellular Ca2+ through a syncytium of cells and appear to be a fundamental mechanism …

Myelination by oligodendrocytes is a highly specialized process that relies on intimate
interactions between the axon and the oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes have an important part …

Several lines of evidence indicate that the elaborated calcium signals and the occurrence of
calcium waves in astrocytes provide these cells with a specific form of excitability. The …