Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The current generation of climate models does not properly resolve oceanic mesoscale
processes in tropical oceans, such as tropical instability waves. The associated deficit in …

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate
variability on the planet, with far-reaching global impacts. It is therefore key to evaluate …

This paper reviews the design of the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and its
governance and takes a forward look at prospective change. The initial findings of the TPOS …

We analyse the ability of CMIP3 and CMIP5 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation
models (CGCMs) to simulate the tropical Pacific mean state and El Niño-Southern …

We present the global general circulation model IPSL-CM5 developed to study the long-term
response of the climate system to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the 5th …

There is a long-standing debate on how the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude
may change during the twenty-first century in response to global warming. Here we identify …

Abstract El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the primary mode of interannual climate
variability, and understanding its response to climate change is critical, but research remains …

Climate models are essential tools for understanding ENSO mechanisms and exploring the
future, either via seasonal‐to‐decadal forecasting or climate projections. Because so few …

Most future projections conducted with coupled general circulation models simulate a non-
uniform Indian Ocean warming, with warming hotspots occurring in the Arabian Sea (AS) …