There are inherent structural and functional differences in the central nervous systems
(CNS) of females and males. It has been gradually established that these sex-specific …

Diseases and aging-associated alterations of the nervous system often show sex-specific
characteristics. Glial cells play a major role in the endogenous homeostatic response of …

Endocrine, nervous, and immune systems work coordinately to maintain the global
homeostasis of the organism. They show sex differences in their functions that, in turn …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most
prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Despite decades of …

Clinical studies suggest that women are more likely than men to relapse to alcohol drinking
in response to stress; however, the mechanisms underlying this sex difference are not well …

Although estrogen is predominantly related to the maintenance of reproductive functioning
in females, it mediates various physiological effects in nearly all tissues, especially the …

Sex differences are present in brain morphology, sex hormones, aging processes and
immune responses. These differences need to be considered for proper modelling of …

Neurodegenerative diseases and their associated cognitive decline are known to be more
prevalent during aging. Recent evidence has uncovered the role of microglia, the …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new and large group of non-coding RNA molecules that are
abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. However, very little is known about …

One area of microglial biology that has been relatively neglected until recently is sexual
dimorphism and this is in spite of the fact that sex is a risk factor in several diseases that are …