Over the past decade, the field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has exhibited rapid
growth. Due to their regenerative, reparatory, and immunomodulatory capacities, MSCs …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and
intricate interactions between different cell types within the affected regions. Reliable …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass secreted membrane vesicles of varied sizes,
including exosomes (∼ 30-200 nm) and microvesicles (MVs) that are∼ 100-1000 nm in …

Retinal diseases, the leading causes of vison loss and blindness, are associated with
complicated pathogeneses such as angiogenesis, inflammation, immune regulation, fibrous …

Nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), consisting of exomers, exosomes and microvesicles/
ectosomes, have been extensively investigated in the last 20 years, although their biological …

Exosomes are natural extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-150nm, which exist in
biological fluids and contain biomolecules related to the parent cell, such as proteins …

The retina encompasses a network of neurons, glia and epithelial and vascular endothelia
cells, all coordinating visual function. Traditionally, molecular information exchange in this …

Background Optic neuritis (ON) is frequently encountered in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis
optica spectrum disorder, anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease, and …

Mesenchymal stem cells have neuroprotective effects that limit damage to the retina and
photoreceptors, and which may be mediated by extracellular vesicles (or exosomes) …

Exosomes (EXs) and extracellular microvesicles (EMVs) represent a diverse assortment of
plasma membrane-derived nanovesicles, 30–1000 nm in diameter, released by all cell …