Mathematical models of biological systems often have components that vary on different
timescales. This multi-timescale character can lead to problems when doing computer …

The cellular and circuit mechanisms generating the rhythm of breathing in mammals have
been under intense investigation for decades. Here, we try to integrate the key discoveries …

The organization of neural circuits that form the locomotor central pattern generator (CPG)
and provide flexor–extensor and left–right coordination of neuronal activity remains largely …

The spinal locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) generates rhythmic activity with
alternating flexion and extension phases. This rhythmic pattern is likely to result from …

The circuit organization within the mammalian brainstem respiratory network, specifically
within and between the pre-Bötzinger (pre-BötC) and Bötzinger (BötC) complexes, and the …

Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem
preparation (WHBP) was introduced with the claim it would provide a new platform allowing …

Key points Coordination of neuronal activity between left and right sides of the mammalian
spinal cord is provided by several sets of commissural interneurons (CINs) whose axons …

Highlights•Spinal rhythm generating neurons initiate and support locomotion by converting
descending drive into a rhythmic signal.•There is no single all-inclusive marker for rhythm …

Breathing in mammals is a seemingly straightforward behaviour controlled by the brain. A
brainstem nucleus called the preBötzinger Complex sits at the core of the neural circuit …

Inspiratory breathing rhythms arise from synchronized neuronal activity in a bilaterally
distributed brainstem structure known as the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). In in vitro slice …