A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

Laser-wakefield accelerators (LWFAs) were proposed more than three decades ago, and
while they promise to deliver compact, high energy particle accelerators, they will also …

The European XFEL delivers up to 27000 intense (> 1012 photons) pulses per second, of
ultrashort (≤ 50 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a maximum repetition rate …

Many advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time
resolutions of only a few femtoseconds. To generate these pulses and to apply them in time …

A beamline for the x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) of SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free
electron LAser (SACLA) provides hard x-ray pulses in the range 4.5–19.5 keV. Its optical …

X-ray free-electron lasers have opened up the possibility of structure determination of
protein crystals at room temperature, free of radiation damage. The femtosecond-duration …

We have used the Linac Coherent Light Source to generate solid-density aluminum plasmas
at temperatures of up to 180 eV. By varying the photon energy of the x rays that both create …

X-ray free-electron lasers enable the investigation of the structure and dynamics of diverse
systems, including atoms, molecules, nanocrystals and single bioparticles, under extreme …

The X-ray free-electron laser has opened a new era for photon science, improving the X-ray
brightness by ten orders of magnitude over previously available sources. Similar to an …

X-ray free-electron lasers provide unique opportunities for exploring ultrafast dynamics and
for imaging the structures of complex systems. Understanding the response of individual …