In vivo two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) is a technique used for recording neuronal
activity in the intact brain. It is based on the principle that, when neurons fire action …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

Two-photon microscopy has enabled high-resolution imaging of neuroactivity at depth within
scattering brain tissue. However, its various realizations have not overcome the tradeoffs …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Since the introduction of calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity with single-cell
resolution, optical imaging methods have revolutionized neuroscience by enabling …

Imaging is used to map activity across populations of neurons. Microscopes with cellular
resolution have small (< 1 millimeter) fields of view and cannot simultaneously image activity …

Three-photon microscopy has been increasingly adopted for probing neural activities
beyond the typical two-photon imaging depth. In this review, we outline the unique …

Two-photon calcium imaging provides an optical readout of neuronal activity in populations
of neurons with subcellular resolution. However, conventional two-photon imaging systems …

Resting-state signals in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging are used to
parcellate brain regions and define" functional connections" between regions. Yet a …

Summary Ultra-slow,∼ 0.1-Hz variations in the oxygenation level of brain blood are widely
used as an fMRI-based surrogate of" resting-state" neuronal activity. The temporal …