Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central regulator of immunity. Due to its dominant pro-
inflammatory effects, drugs that neutralize TNF were developed and are clinically used to …

Background The dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in the not too distant past, had been thought of
as a passive organ not involved in the development of abnormal aberrent neuropathic pain …

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key proinflammatory cytokine. It is generally
believed that TNF-α exerts its effects primarily via TNF receptor subtype-1 (TNFR1). We …

Pain is associated with most bony pathologies. Clinical and experimental observations
suggest that bone pain can be derived from noxious stimulation of the periosteum or bone …

Cancerous cells can originate in a number of different tissues such as prostate, breast and
lung, but often go undetected and are non-painful. Many types of cancers have a propensity …

Background Bone cancer pain (BCP) is one of the most disabling factors in patients suffering
from primary bone cancer or bone metastases. Recent studies show several chemokines …

The global burden of cancer pain is enormous and opioids, despite their side effects, remain
the primary therapeutic approach. The cause of cancer pain is unknown. Mechanisms …

Increasing evidence suggests that cytokines and chemokines play crucial roles in chronic
itch. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and …

Abstract Treatment of neuropathic pain remains challenging as the etiology is
heterogeneous and pathomechanisms are incompletely understood. One possible …

Background The transition from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2
phenotype presents a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic pain. Objective We investigated …