The lysosome has long been viewed as the recycling center of the cell. However, recent
discoveries have challenged this simple view and have established a central role of the …

Translation is a key step in the regulation of gene expression and one of the most energy-
consuming processes in the cell. In response to various stimuli, multiple signaling pathways …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

Being deeply connected to signalling, cell dynamics, growth, regulation, and defence,
endocytic processes are linked to almost all aspects of cell life and disease. In this review …

The mTORC1 kinase promotes growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and
amino acids, and its activity is often deregulated in disease. The Rag GTPases interact with …

Endocytosis entails selective packaging of cell-surface proteins, such as receptors for
cytokines and adhesion components, in cytoplasmic vesicles (endosomes). The series of …

Cell signalling and endocytic membrane trafficking have traditionally been viewed as distinct
processes. Although our present understanding is incomplete and there are still great …

Summary TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is a potent anabolic regulator of cellular growth and
metabolism. When cells have sufficient amino acids, TORC1 is active due to its lysosomal …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs including
embryogenesis, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis based on cues derived from the …

The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of
various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning …