Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

This review describes development of currently available pneumococcal vaccines, provides
summary tables of current pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in children and adults …

Lung-resident memory B cells (BRM cells) are elicited after influenza infections of mice, but
connections to other pathogens and hosts—as well as their functional significance—have …

The sequence of microbial genomes made all potential antigens of each pathogen available
for vaccine development. This increased by orders of magnitude potential vaccine targets in …

The majority of vaccine candidates in clinical development are highly purified proteins and
peptides relying on adjuvants to enhance and/or direct immune responses. Despite the …

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important causes of microbial
diseases in humans. The genomes of 44 diverse strains of S. pneumoniae were analyzed …

Background Vaccines have provided some of the greatest successes in the history of
medicine, including the eradication of smallpox, the near eradication of polio, and the …

Vaccination, which is the most effective medical intervention that has ever been introduced,
originated from the observation that individuals who survived a plague or smallpox would …

Summary The WalK/WalR (aka YycG/YycF) two‐component system (TCS), originally
identified in Bacillus subtilis, is very highly conserved and specific to low G+ C Gram …

This review summarizes ongoing research aimed at finding novel drugs as alternatives to
traditional antibiotics. Anti-virulence approaches, phage therapy and therapeutic antibodies …