Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with unique functions in the body; it acts as a
cofactor for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, the endogenous antioxidant …

The sustainability of cobalt is an important emerging issue because this critical base metal is
an essential component of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. More than half of the …

Human biomonitoring (HBM) measures the concentration levels of substances or their
metabolites in human body fluids and tissues. HBM of dose and biochemical effect …

Abstract Chemistry and Human Health, Division VII of the International Union on Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides guidance on risk assessment methodology and, as …

Abstract The European Commission asked EFSA to update its previous Opinion on nickel in
food and drinking water, taking into account new occurrence data, the updated benchmark …

Human biomonitoring reference values are statistical estimates that indicate the upper
margin of background exposure to a given chemical at a given time. Nationally …

Background Human biomonitoring studies of trace elements in biological fluids are mostly
limited to a certain number of elements or biological materials. In this study, we describe the …

Background The assessment of human chemical risks related to occupational or
environmental exposure to pollutants requires the use of both accurate exposure indicators …

Abstract Background Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are components of e-cigarette heating
coils. Whether e-cigarettes increase metal internal dose, however, is unknown. We …

Exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] may occur in several occupational activities, eg,
welding, Cr (VI) electroplating and other surface treatment processes. The aim of this study …