Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

A concise but comprehensive introduction to the biology of standing waters (lakes and
ponds). As with other books in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis in this book is on …

The phenotypic diversity exhibited within and among populations of freshwater fishes in
postglacial lakes has intrigued biologists for two reasons:(i) their high phenotypic variation …

Phenotypically plastic responses to environmental change are typically compartmentalized
by the type of environmental cues that cause the induction (eg, temperature, light), but …

Fishes show a remarkable diversity of shapes which have been associated with their
swimming abilities and anti-predator adaptations. The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) …

The hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is an adaptation to environmental variation rests on
the two assumptions that plasticity improves the performance of individuals that possess it …

Organisms that produce alternative, nondiscrete phenotypes in response to environmental
conditions are expected to alter their phenotypes in relation to the degree of environmental …

Costs of inducible phenotypes are a central component of theoretical treatments for the
evolution of plasticity but have proved difficult to measure empirically. I estimated the costs of …

Induced responses to herbivores are common and well documented in plants. It has been
hypothesized that the evolutionary ecology of induced responses can be understood by …

A fundamental assumption of theories of the ecology and evolution of inducible defences is
that protective responses to attacks by parasites or predators should not only have benefits …