Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer,
negatively expresses estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Background Agents blocking programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1
(PD-1/PD-L1) have been approved for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the …

Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3,
regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

Although hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest health burdens worldwide,
few drugs are available for its clinical treatment. However, in recent years, major …

Background Recently, therapeutic antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and
its ligand (PD-L1) have exerted potent anticancer effect in a variety of tumors. However …

The immune checkpoint pathway consisting of the cell membrane-bound molecule
programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 has been found to mediate …