Understanding the infection and pathogenesis mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is very
important for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B. Mathematical models contribute to …

ABSTRACT HIV can infect cells via virus-to-cell infection or cell-to-cell viral transmission.
These two infection modes may occur in a synergistic way and facilitate viral spread within …

The goal of this paper is to study the threshold dynamics of an HIV-1 viral infection model
with cell-mediated immune responses and direct cell-to-cell transmission mechanism. The …

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the qualitative behavior of HIV dynamics models
with immune impairment. The HIV particles infect both CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Both …

We incorporate three distributed time delays into the model of pathogen dynamics with
antibody and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses. We consider both actively …

We investigate general HIV infection models with three types of infected cells: latently
infected cells, long-lived productively infected cells, and short-lived productively infected …

In this paper, a cytokine-enhanced viral infection model with time delays and CTL immune
response is proposed and analyzed. Multiple time delays, namely intracellular delay τ 1 …

In this paper, a class of three delayed viral dynamics models with immune response and
saturation infection rate are proposed and studied. By constructing suitable Lyapunov …

In this paper, we investigate the dynamical properties for a model of delay differential
equations, which describes a virus‐immune interaction in vivo. By analyzing corresponding …

In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated to investigate the effect of cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) immune response on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection …