Abstract Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1 …

Fever is a common symptom of infectious and inflammatory disease. It is well-established
that prostaglandin E2 is the final mediator of fever, which by binding to its EP3 receptor …

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a member of the neuropoietic cytokine family, initially was described in
terms of its activities in the immune system and during inflammation. Accumulating evidence …

Introduction 3. Cytokines as endogenous pyrogenic and antipyretic agents 3.1. Interleukin 1
beta and the Interleukin 1 system 3.2. Tumor Necrosis Factor 3.3. Interleukin 6 3.4 …

Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA that is used
experimentally to model viral infections in vivo. Previous studies investigating the …

Systemic inflammatory stimuli, such as infection, increase the risk of stroke and are
associated with poorer clinical outcome. The mechanisms underlying the impact of systemic …

Abstract The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important mediator of inflammatory and
immune responses in the periphery. IL-6 is produced in the periphery and acts systemically …

The immune system and the central nervous system form a bi-directional communication
network. The critical roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both the periphery and the …

Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from
noninfectious causes. The fever-inducing agent that has been used most frequently in …

Leptin regulates energy balance through its actions in the brain on appetite and energy
expenditure and also shares properties with cytokines such as IL-1. We report here that …