Effective treatment of metastatic cancers usually requires the use of toxic chemotherapy. In
most cases, multiple drugs are used, as resistance to single agents occurs almost …

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein endogenous thiol. It is a
ubiquitous molecule produced in most organs, but its synthesis is predominantly in the liver …

Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are members of a protein superfamily that are
known to translocate various substrates across membranes, including metabolic products …

Human contains 49 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes and the multidrug
resistance associated proteins (MRP1/ABCC1, MRP2/ABCC2, MRP3/ABCC3 …

The role of the multidrug resistance protein MRP4/ABCC4 in vivo remains undefined. To
explore this role, we generated Mrp4-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, these mice showed …

Recent studies conducted with various molecular, cellular and whole animal models have
revealed that leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba may have anticancer (chemopreventive) …

Tenofovir (TFV) undergoes renal elimination by a combination of glomerular filtration and
active tubular secretion. While transporter-mediated uptake of TFV from the blood into …

Fluorouracil (5-FU), used in the treatment of colon and breast cancers, is converted
intracellularly to 5′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (5-FUdR) by thymidine phosphorylase and is …

The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body. Typically, metabolic conversion
of a drug results in inactivation, detoxification, and enhanced likelihood for excretion in urine …