Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Increasing evidence suggests that renal inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and
progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and that anti-inflammatory therapies might …

INTRODUCTION Plants and animals respond to pathogen invasion through intracellular
nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly interact with pathogen …

In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a
protein domain that is shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/interleukin …

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway plays an important role in initiating the innate
immune response and its activation by bacterial endotoxin is responsible for chronic and …

Pathological degeneration of axons disrupts neural circuits and represents one of the
hallmarks of neurodegeneration,,–. Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif …

The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors
on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading
pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed …

Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to host defence against many
pathogenic microorganisms and also underlies a large burden of human disease. Thus, the …