With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Highlights•Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (tr-SFX) probes structure and
function in each sample.•X-ray free electron lasers (XFELS) provide atomic and electronic …

Photolyases, a ubiquitous class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair DNA photolesions.
In this work, we determined the structural mechanism of the photolyase-catalyzed repair of a …

Red and far-red light–sensing phytochromes are widespread in nature, occurring in plants,
algae, fungi, and prokaryotes. Despite at least a billion years of evolution, their photosensory …

Photosynthetic reaction centres harvest the energy content of sunlight by transporting
electrons across an energy-transducing biological membrane. Here we use time-resolved …

High-intensity femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser enable pump–probe
experiments for the investigation of electronic and nuclear changes during light-induced …

Careful selection of photocaging approaches is critical to achieve fast and well synchronized
reaction initiation and perform successful time-resolved structural biology experiments. This …