Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by
hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign …

Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We
describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors …

Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two
ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but …

The insect immune deficiency (IMD) pathway resembles the tumour necrosis factor receptor
network in mammals and senses diaminopimelic-type peptidoglycans present in Gram …

Of the three lice (head, body, and pubic louse) that infest humans, the body louse is the
species involved in epidemics of louse‐borne typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever, but …

Two genera of lice parasitize humans: Pthirus and Pediculus. The latter is of significant
public health importance and comprises two ecotypes: the body louse and the head louse …

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Abstract Background Lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) are one important group of parasites
that infects birds and mammals. It is believed that the ancestor of parasitic lice originated on …

Patterns of evolution in immune defense genes help to understand the evolutionary
dynamics between hosts and pathogens. Multiple insect genomes have been sequenced …