Interferon (IFN) responses, mediated by a myriad of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), are the
most profound innate immune responses against viruses. Cumulatively, these IFN effectors …

Newcastle disease (ND) has been a consistent risk factor to the poultry industry worldwide.
Its pathogen, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is also a promising antitumor treatment …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of
innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against …

Traditional approaches to assess the immune response of chickens to infection are through
animal trials, which are expensive, require enhanced biosecurity, compromise welfare, and …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection causes severe inflammation and is a highly
contagious disease in poultry. Virulent NDV strains (GM) induce large quantities of …

Avian avulaviruses serotype 1 (abbreviated as APMV-1 for the historical name avian
paramyxovirus 1) are capable of infecting a wide spectrum of avian species with variable …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes significant economic
losses to the poultry industry worldwide, with variations in NDV pathogenicity due to the …

Introduction Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an important avian pathogen prevalent
worldwide; it has an extensive host range and seriously harms the poultry industry …

Infection of chickens with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is associated with severe
pathology and increased morbidity and mortality. The innate immune response contributes …

Viral infection activates a host's cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling
pathway, which is involved in cell differentiation, growth, survival, and apoptosis. To …