This paper presents a comprehensive review of retinal blood vessel segmentation based on
deep learning. The geometric characteristics of retinal vessels reflect the health status of …

This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the past ten years in the field of
electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes. Following an …

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of
retina with the appearance of different types of lesions that include micro-aneurysms …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes that exists throughout the world. DR
occurs due to a high ratio of glucose in the blood, which causes alterations in the retinal …

The fundus is the only region where arteries, veins and capillaries can be directly observed.
Morphological changes of retinal vessels in the fundus are signals for the appearance of …

The eye affords a unique opportunity to inspect a rich part of the human microvasculature
non-invasively via retinal imaging. Retinal blood vessel segmentation and classification are …

Retinal vessel segmentation is a key step towards the accurate visualization, diagnosis,
early treatment and surgery planning of ocular diseases. For the last two decades, a …

Automatic segmentation of retinal images is an important task in computer-assisted medical
image analysis for the diagnosis of diseases such as hypertension, diabetic and …

The visual exploration of retinal blood vessels assists ophthalmologists in the diagnoses of
different abnormalities of the eyes such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cardiovascular …

Diabetic retinopathy is characteristic of a local distribution that involves early‐stage risk
factors and can forecast the evolution of the illness or morphological lesions related to the …