1. Specific recommendations for prevention strategies often depend on the ischemic
stroke/transient ischemic attack subtype. Therefore, new in this guideline is a section …

Ischaemic strokes have traditionally been classified according to the TOAST criteria, in
which strokes with unclear aetiology are classified as cryptogenic strokes. However, the …

Background Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a vestigial congenital cardiovascular structure
present in around 25% of adults. In most cases, PFO is entirely benign and requires no …

Objective To update the 2016 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice advisory for
patients with stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO). Methods The guideline panel followed …

Importance Recent epidemiologic and therapeutic advances have transformed
understanding of the role of and therapeutic approach to patent foramen ovale (PFO) in …

Introduction: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in selected patients with
cryptogenic cerebrovascular ischemic events (CEs) decreases the risk of recurrent stroke; …

Contemporary evidence supports device-based transcatheter interventions for the
management of patients with structural heart disease. These procedures, which include …

Importance One-third of ischemic strokes have no identifiable cause after standard
evaluation. In 2014, researchers termed theseembolic strokes of undetermined source …

Background and Purpose—Emboli in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) may
originate from various potential embolic sources (PES), some of which may respond better to …

Importance The concept of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) unifies a
subgroup of cryptogenic strokes based on neuroimaging, a defined minimum set of …